--- categories: Repost date: 2025-09-03T00:00:00Z tags: - 指南 - 联合国 - 翻译 slug: un-en-gender-inclusive-language-guidelines title: 联合国英文性别包容性语言指南 --- [Source](https://www.un.org/en/gender-inclusive-language/guidelines.shtml) 翻译:`gemini-2.5-pro` 本*指南*包含多项策略,旨在帮助联合国工作人员使用性别包容语言 (gender-inclusive language)。这些策略可应用于任何类型的沟通,无论是口头还是书面、正式还是非正式,也无论沟通对象是内部还是外部受众。 在决定使用何种策略时,联合国工作人员应: - 考虑文稿/口头沟通的类型、背景、受众和沟通目的; - 确保文稿可读,且文稿/口头沟通清晰、流畅、简洁; - 在整个文稿/口头沟通中,力求结合使用不同的策略。 ## 英语中的性别 (Gender in English) 在英语中,“语法性别 (grammatical gender)”、“作为社会建构的性别 (gender as a social construct)”(指特定社会在特定时期认为适合男性或女性的角色、行为、活动和特质)和作为生物特征的“生理性别 (sex)”之间存在差异。 英语中的性别标记 (gender markers) 很少:主要是**代词和所有格** (pronouns and possessives)(如 _he, she, her_ 和 _his_);以及**一些名词和称谓** (nouns and forms of address)。大多数英语名词没有语法性别之分(如 _teacher, president_),而少数名词则明确区分男性或女性(如 _actor/actress, waiter/waitress_)。一些曾以 _-man_ 结尾的名词现在有了中性对应词,用以包含两种性别(如用 _police officer_ 替代 _policeman/policewoman_,用 _spokesperson_ 替代 _spokesman_,用 _chair/chairperson_ 替代 _chairman_)。 在英语中,实现性别包容沟通的一大挑战是默认使用男性形式。例如:“_Every Permanent Representative must submit **his** credentials to Protocol_.”(每位常驻代表都必须向礼宾处提交**他 (his)** 的全权证书。) ## 最佳实践/策略 (Best practices/strategies) 在英语口语或写作中,可以应用多种策略来增强性别包容性: ### 1. 使用无歧视性语言 (Use non-discriminatory language) #### 1.1 称谓 (Forms of address) 在提及或称呼特定个人时,使用的称谓和代词应与其性别认同 (gender identity) 保持一致。 对于联合国工作人员,您可以查询内联网或组织/员工名录。如果某位工作人员显示为“Ms.”,那么就应该用这个称谓来称呼她,并使用女性代词。或者,在情况允许时,您可以询问您称呼或写到的人希望使用何种代词和称谓。 _给起草待翻译文本的联合国工作人员的说明:_ 如果您是待翻译文本的作者,并且文中提及特定人物,请告知译员该人物的性别,以便他们在译文中选择恰当的语言。这对于阿拉伯语、法语、俄语和西班牙语等语言至关重要。 此外,在指代女性和男性时应保持一致性:如果其中一人使用姓名、姓氏、敬称或职业头衔来称呼,那么另一人也应如此。 | 包容性较差 (Less inclusive): | 更具包容性 (More inclusive): | | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | “Professor Smith (surname and title for a man) and Madeline (first name for a woman) will attend the luncheon.” (史密斯教授(男士使用姓氏和头衔)和玛德琳(女士使用名字)将出席午宴。) | “Professor Smith and Professor Jones will attend the luncheon (surname and title for both).” (史密斯教授和琼斯教授将出席午宴(两人均使用姓氏和头衔)。) | Ms. 还是 Mrs.? 应注意使用每个人偏好的称谓。然而,当无法获知其偏好时,优先使用 Ms. 而非 Mrs.,因为前者更具包容性,可以指代任何婚姻状况的女性。 #### 1.2 避免使用有性别偏见或强化性别刻板印象的表达方式 (Avoid gender-biased expressions or expressions that reinforce gender stereotypes) 歧视性示例: - “She throws/runs/fights like a girl.” (她扔东西/跑步/打架像个女孩。) - “In a manly way.” (以一种有男子气概的方式。) - “Oh, that’s women’s work.” (哦,那是女人的活。) - “Thank you to the ladies for making the room more beautiful.” (感谢女士们让这个房间更加美丽。) - “Men just don’t understand.” (男人就是不懂。) | 包容性较差 (Less inclusive): | 更具包容性 (More inclusive): | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | “Guests are cordially invited to attend with their wives.” (诚邀各位嘉宾携妻子出席。) | “Guests are cordially invited to attend with their partners.” (诚邀各位嘉宾携伴侣出席。) | | “Fathers babysit their children.” (父亲们临时照看孩子。) | “Fathers care for their children.” (父亲们照顾孩子。) | 我如何知道自己是否在使⽤歧视性语⾔? 进行性别反转 (Reverse the gender):将称谓或术语从男性变为女性,或反之,是否会改变句子的含义或重点?是否会让句子听起来很奇怪? 示例: - “Women should not seek out leadership positions.” (女性不应该寻求领导职位。) - “Men cannot do two things at the same time.” (男性不能同时做两件事。) ### 2. 在与沟通相关时,让性别可见 (Make gender visible when it is relevant for communication) #### 2.1 使用阴性和阳性代词 (Using feminine and masculine pronouns) “配对 (Pairing)”是指同时使用阴性和阳性形式(he or she; her or his)。当作者/说话者希望明确地让女性和男性都可见时,可以使用这一策略。**然而,在英语中建议不要过度使用此策略**,因为它可能会分散读者的注意力,尤其是在叙事性文本中。它还可能导致不一致或降低文本的准确性——例如,在法律文本中。 可以在整个文本中交替使用阴性和阳性形式。但使用此策略时应谨慎,尤其是在可能影响文意、引起混淆或分散读者注意力的情况下。按段落或章节交替使用阴性和阳性形式,可能比按句子或短语交替更为合适。 示例:“When a staff member accepts an offer of employment, **he or she** must be able to assume that the offer is duly authorized. To qualify for payment of the mobility incentive, **she or he** must have five years’ prior continuous service on a fixed-term or continuing appointment.” (当一名工作人员接受录用时,**他或她**必须能够假定该录用已获得适当授权。为符合领取流动奖励的资格,**她或他**必须已在定期或连续任用合同下连续服务满五年。) #### 2.2 使用两个不同的词 (Using two different words) 在强调性别能使句子更具包容性的情况下,可以使用两个独立的词。只有当普遍的看法或先入为主的观念可能会掩盖任一性别的存在或行动时,才应使用此策略。 示例: - “Boys and girls should attend the first cooking class with their parents.” (男孩和女孩都应与父母一起参加第一堂烹饪课。) - “All of the soldiers, both men and women, responded negatively to question 5 in the survey on gender inclusivity.” (所有士兵,无论男女,都对关于性别包容性的调查中的问题 5 做出了否定回答。) ### 3. 在与沟通不相关时,不要让性别可见 (Do not make gender visible when it is not relevant for communication) #### 3.1 使用性别中性词 (Use gender-neutral words) | 包容性较差 (Less inclusive) | 更具包容性 (More inclusive) | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | “Mankind” (大写 Mankind 特指人类) | “Humankind”; “humanity”; “human race” (人类) | | “Plans to outsource some 19 services have not proceeded at the anticipated pace, as there are significant **manpower** shortages.” (约 19 项服务的外包计划未按预期进度进行,因为存在严重的**人力**短缺。) | “Plans to outsource some 19 services have not proceeded at the anticipated pace, as there are significant **staffing** shortages.” (约 19 项服务的外包计划未按预期进度进行,因为存在严重的**人员配置**短缺。) | | “Man-made” (人造的) | “Artificial”; “human-caused” (人工的;人为的) | #### 3.2 使用复数代词/形容词 (Using plural pronouns/adjectives) 在非正式写作中(如电子邮件),可以使用复数代词作为确保性别包容性的简便方法。在正式写作中不推荐使用此类策略。 示例:“Before submitting your document, send it to the focal point for **their** review; **they** will return it to you with comments.” (在提交文件前,请将其发送给协调人供**他们 (their)** 审阅;**他们 (they)** 会将文件连同评论一并退还给您。) #### 3.3 使用代词 _one_ (Use the pronoun _one_) | 包容性较差 (Less inclusive) | 更具包容性 (More inclusive) | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | “A staff member in Antarctica earns less than **he** would in New York.” (一名在南极洲的工作人员的收入比**他**在纽约的收入要少。) | “A staff member in Antarctica earns less than **one** in New York.” (一名在南极洲的工作人员比在纽约的工作人员收入要少。) | #### 3.4 使用关系代词 _who_ (Use the relative pronoun _who_) | 包容性较差 (Less inclusive) | 更具包容性 (More inclusive) | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | “If a complainant is not satisfied with the board’s decision, **he** can ask for a rehearing.” (如果申诉人对委员会的决定不满意,**他**可以要求重新审理。) | “A complainant **who** is not satisfied with the board’s decision can ask for a rehearing.” (**对委员会的决定不满意的申诉人**可以要求重新审理。) | #### 3.5 使用复数先行词 (Use a plural antecedent) 在指代泛指主语时,可以使用复数先行词以避免使用带性别的代词。 | 包容性较差 (Less inclusive) | 更具包容性 (More inclusive) | | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | “A substitute judge must certify that **he** has familiarized **himself** with the record of the proceedings.” (一位代理法官必须证明**他**已熟悉诉讼程序的记录。) | “Substitute judges must certify that **they** have familiarized **themselves** with the record of the proceedings.” (代理法官们必须证明**他们**已熟悉诉讼程序的记录。) | #### 3.6 省略带性别的词语 (Omit the gendered word) | 包容性较差 (Less inclusive) | 更具包容性 (More inclusive) | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | “Requests the Emergency Relief Coordinator to continue **his/her** efforts to strengthen the coordination of humanitarian assistance.” (请求紧急救济协调员继续**其**加强人道主义援助协调的努力。) | “Requests the Emergency Relief Coordinator to continue efforts to strengthen the coordination of humanitarian assistance.” (请求紧急救济协调员继续努力加强人道主义援助的协调工作。) | | “A person must reside continuously in the Territory for 20 years before **he** may apply for permanent residence.” (一个人必须在该地区连续居住 20 年,然后**他**才可以申请永久居留权。) | “A person must reside continuously in the Territory for 20 years before applying for permanent residence.” (一个人必须在该地区连续居住 20 年,然后才能申请永久居留权。) | #### 3.7 使用被动语态 (Use the passive voice) 在英语中,被动语态并非适用于所有句子,因为使用被动语态常会改变句子的重点。然而,它确实为避免使用带性别的结构提供了一种选择。 | 包容性较差 (Less inclusive) | 更具包容性 (More inclusive) | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | “The author of a communication must have direct and reliable evidence of the situation **he** is describing.” (来文提交人必须对**他**所描述的情况拥有直接和可靠的证据。) | “The author of a communication must have direct and reliable evidence of the situation being described.” (来文提交人必须对被描述的情况拥有直接和可靠的证据。) |